A joint international law enforcement action shut down two services accused of providing a botnet of hacked internet-connected devices, including routers, to cybercriminals. U.S. prosecutors also indicted four people accused of hacking into the devices and running the botnet.
On Wednesday, the websites of Anyproxy and 5Socks were replaced with notices stating they had been seized by the FBI as part of a law enforcement operation called “Operation Moonlander.” The notice said the law enforcement action was carried out by the FBI, the Dutch National Police (Politie), the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of Oklahoma, and the U.S. Department of Justice.
Then on Friday, U.S. prosecutors announced the dismantling of the botnet and the indictment of three Russians: Alexey Viktorovich Chertkov, Kirill Vladimirovich Morozov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Shishkin; and Dmitriy Rubtsov, a Kazakhstan national. The four are accused of profiting from running Anyproxy and 5Socks under the pretense of offering legitimate proxy services, but which prosecutors say were built on hacked routers.
Chertkov, Morozov, Rubtsoyv, and Shishkin, who all reside outside of the United States, targeted older models of wireless internet routers that had known vulnerabilities, compromising “thousands” of such devices, according to the now-unsealed indictment.
When in control of those routers, the four individuals then sold access to the botnet on Anyproxy and 5Socks, services that have been active since 2004, according to their websites and the charging authorities.
Residential proxy networks are not illegal on their own; these offerings are often used to provide customers with IP addresses for accessing geoblocked content or bypassing government censorship. Anyproxy and 5Socks, however, allegedly built their network of proxies — some of them made of residential IP addresses — by infecting thousands of vulnerable internet-connected devices and effectively turning them into a botnet used by cybercriminals, according to the Department of Justice.
“In this way, the botnet subscribers’ internet traffic appeared to come from the IP addresses assigned to the compromised devices rather than the IP addresses assigned to the devices that the subscribers were actually using to conduct their online activity,” read the indictment.
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“Conspirators acting through 5Socks publicly marketed the Anyproxy botnet as a residential proxy service on social media and online discussion forums, including cybercriminal forums,” the indictment added. “Such residential proxy services are particularly useful to criminal hackers to provide anonymity when committing cybercrimes; residential‐as opposed to commercial‐IP addresses are generally assumed by internet security services as much more likely to be legitimate traffic.”
According to the DOJ’s press release, the four are believed to have made more than $46 million from selling access to the botnet.
An FBI spokesperson had no comment when reached by TechCrunch. The DOJ and the Dutch National Police did not respond to requests for comment.
Ryan English, a researcher at Black Lotus Labs, told TechCrunch ahead of the domain seizures that the two services were used for several types of abuse, including password spraying, launching distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, and ad fraud.
On Friday, Black Lotus Labs, a team of researchers housed within cybersecurity firm Lumen, published a report saying they helped the authorities track the proxy networks. As Black Lotus explained in its report, the botnet was “designed to offer anonymity for malicious actors online.”
English told TechCrunch that he and his colleagues are confident that Anyproxy and 5Socks are “the same pool of proxies run by the same operators, just under a different name,” and that “the bulk of the botnet were routers, all kinds of end-of-life make and models.”
According to the report and based on Lumen’s global network visibility, the botnet had “an average of about 1,000 weekly active proxies in over 80 countries.”
Spur, a company that tracks proxy services on the internet, also worked on the operation. Spur’s co-founder Riley Kilmer told TechCrunch that while 5Socks is one of the smaller criminal networks the company tracks, the network had “gained in popularity for financial fraud.”
This story has been updated to include the FBI’s no comment.
